The Rise in Political Power of 17th Century England and France :: European Europe History

The Rise in Political Power of 17th Century England and France In the seventeenth century, the political power of the Parliament in England, and the Monarchy in France increased greatly. These conditions were inspired by three major changes: the aftermath of the reformation, the need for an increased governmental financing, and the reorganizing of central governments. These three points were each resolved in a different way in both England and in France. The first major point which eventually increased political power was the aftermath of the Protestant reformation. In England, after the establishment of the separate Anglican church of England there were many protestant groups left in England still in conflict. These groups all tried to push and pull parliament in their favor -- which ultimately made it so that nothing could be done. These conflicts even came to the point of bloody civil wars and suffering on both sides of the fighting. Parliament ultimately decided to stop these wars by creating religious Act of Toleration (1689) for the non-conformist protestants. For many people, this caused more unity in England and increased power. In France, the decision was made to unify the country through the establishment of a single religious authority, the Catholic Church. The king of France became the heart of this policy, which gave him control of religion when this went into effect. The next major point was the increase in need for governmental financing. In England, taxing had become under the control of Parliament. In addition to this, the cost of running a government in general had gone up and the country needed more money. Because the king didn't have as much power to tax as he pleases, the government could make a firm and accurate taxation of the people. In France, the price of government had also gone up. However, here the was a monarchy and a king with great control over the government. Using his control of the economy, a strong "Mercantilism" system was used aimed at maximizing foreign exports and reserves. The king became the center of this new power. The last major point which increased political power was the reorganizing of the central governments in both England and in France. The economic changes in this century required new relationships between the King and his subjects. In England, the parliament because of this need, grew to have power over the king and cause great toleration of people's

Hospitality Tips for Arab Guests

THE ARAB GUEST The Arab travel mentality can vary greatly as the Arabian region stretches over a vast area encompassing 22 countries from Mauritania in the west to Yemen in the east. As the majority of Arab guests are from the United Arab Emirates (UAE), consisting of Qatar, Bahrain, Oman and Kuwait, the advice given here pertains mainly to this important region. The above-named states have in common rapid economic growth due to the large oil and gas reserves.These states have been catapulted from a tribal life to relative wealth, although Dubai has always held a significant role as a trade centre in the Middle East. Tourism in the UAE is booming, and luxuries, the newest technologies and excellent service have become the norm. No wonder then that the most expensive and luxurious hotel in the world, the Burj al Arab, is in Dubai. Apart from expecting exclusively furnished hotels, Arab guests also expect respect and tolerance for their lifestyle. To the majority of Arabs, Islamic rule s are the foundation of daily life. Courteous and attentive service is a prerequisite. 1.Tolerance and Sensitivity Personal recommendations and networking between Arab families are of the utmost importance and recommendations by acquaintances are given more heed than extravagant advertising brochures. The chance of winning over the Arab market through a few families is therefore very high, but at the same time, a single ‘mishap’ by an employee can ruin the reputation of an entire hotel. Family consciousness is highly regarded in the Arab region. Unlike in the West, the family is the basic social unit, not the individual. In Arab society the weak are respected and protected, and the elderly are always afforded special respect.Arabs behave in a reserved manner towards Europeans and react very sensitively to a lack of respect and intolerance. To avoid such conflicts, sensitivity and empathy are of great importance. 2. Travel The majority of Arabs travel with their entire f amilies. Individual tourists and business travellers are still in the minority, although this is slowly changing. Only male travellers will travel alone. Arab travellers are normally well-to-do. They are used to being looked after and often buy themselves certain freedoms using their substantial economic means.Despite their buying power, however, prices are no longer simply paid; comparisons are made, especially when it comes to hotel accommodation. To do this they are using the internet more and more. The main reasons for travel are business trips, visits to conferences and exhibitions and medical visits. Medical trips are most often undertaken by guests from the UAE as their medical schemes pay for hospital stays, drinks (non-alcoholic) and laundry. Medical checks are often combined with family holidays. Provided as part of the benefits of membership of Cape Town Tourism. For more information visit www. apetown. travel/industry, call +27 (0)21 487 6800 or email [email  protected ] travel Another reason for travel is to escape the summer heat and for the sake of children, who are highly regarded, with many trips being undertaken purely for their sake and to visit theme parks and shop for toys. 3. Travel Structure and Duration The main travel season is between June and September. Family groups can number up to 60 people during this time. Depending on the rank of the Arab, nannies, secretaries and drivers are often part of the entourage, which makes it difficult to establish an average group size.Ten people per family are an approximate starting point. The duration of trips varies from case to case, but is generally several weeks. 4. Holiday Mentality It is not the norm in Arab states to have to ask for service, nor to thank for services received. Excellent service is expected and a given. Most Arab guests are highly educated and well travelled. They are therefore often seen as demanding. Flexibility and tolerance of their special requests is therefore a must. For example, Arab guests will expect the restaurant times to be adjusted to their daily routine or for room service and room cleaning services to be individually scheduled.Taking time to develop personal relationships between the hosts and the guests is much appreciated. Business and personal relationships are not strictly separated. The Arab guest prefers a designated contact partner that ensures his wishes and interests are looked after, and that keeps up intense communication. These contacts do not necessarily need to be able to speak Arabic. Often this is even seen as a benefit, as it protects their privacy if the contact cannot understand everything discussed. It is not unusual for the younger generation to be fluent in English.Guests from North Africa generally speak French as their second language. Arab women completely covered in black robes are still an oddity to most Europeans. However, the social standing of women ranges between ‘strictly Muslim’ and ‘ emancipated’. The rules laid out in the Koran guarantee her that she will be looked after her entire life. In return, she must acknowledge the man’s authority in society, the family and in marriage. The wearing of veils was long seen as a sign of high social prestige. Only women of high standing were allowed to wear them; slaves and dancers were forbidden to do this, under threat of punishment.Today the veil signifies a close affinity to Islam and is a sign of the honorable life of the wearer. Advances by men are not tolerated. Hoteliers must be prepared for the lobby area to occasionally look like a bazaar. In an effort to strengthen their relationships Arab guests will meet there, drink tea, smoke – and if permitted also their hubbly bubblies. 5. Information and Booking Behaviour Prior to travel the normal booking procedures (internet, advertising, travel agents and agents specialising in medical trips) are checked for prices, availability and decor, special s ervices etc.For guests travelling for medical reasons, local embassies and consulates often take care of these issues. Close contacts with these are therefore of benefit. Often guests book hotels only to then compare offers and prices with other hotels once in the country. Should the hotel booked not live up to their standards and expectations, they Provided as part of the benefits of membership of Cape Town Tourism. For more information visit www. capetown. travel/industry, call +27 (0)21 487 6800 or email [email  protected] travel will relocate.Reception staff can play a decisive role in this decision. Although low prices and rebates are important, negotiations seldom take place. Representatives of a group are often sent ahead. More often than not however these days, guests arrive without having booked at all. Because guests are not under any time constraints, the departure date is often left open. This fact should always be taken into account and dealt with flexibly. When booki ngs are made, babies up to three years old are not mentioned as they are not seen as children. This often leads to confusion on check-in.A point should therefore be made to specifically ask about babies accompanying the group. When a booking is made, the hierarchy (family, drivers, nannies etc), who will be footing the bill, as well as the individual family members’ names must be established. For long stays, the billing should be clarified at the start, especially when guests are travelling for medical reasons. The health department of the country of origin often covers the accommodation, F&B and laundry. Bookings are often made using the prefix ‘El’ or ‘Al’, a type of royal title, which however is left off on arrival or when telephoning.This often leads to irritations and misunderstandings, which is why this fact should be remembered from the outset. It is also recommended that families from various regions are separated from one another. A good opt ion is to inform guests of the Arabic origins of the other guests. Rooms should always be in quiet areas where no lingering smells are present. There are also often requests for rooms with connecting doors. Should this request not be made, family rooms should be situated close to one another on the same floor. 6. Travel Content The main interests are sight-seeing, casino visits and outings with/for children.Shopping is also very popular, which is why hotels should always have shopping tips at hand. Addresses for oversized clothing should also be included. Apart from shopping, excursions into nature, especially the mountains and such, are enjoyed. Sports events are also favourite pastimes; this includes soccer, which is becoming increasingly popular, horseracing, golf and motor racing. 7. Communication Because the majority of Arab guests are able to speak English well, communication problems are rare. Should the older members of a group not be fluent in English, the younger ones do t he translating.Children often speak English astonishingly well. When it comes to negotiations or relationship building, Arabs use very descriptive language combined with many gestures. Instead of coming to the point they use longwinded descriptions. So as not to come across as disrespectful or uninterested, it is advisable to take time and to adapt one’s way of expression as much as possible. It is most important not to decline a guest’s request too bluntly. This ensures that neither party loses face. The wording: ‘I will try my best’ or suggesting an alternative to the request are often very helpful.But under no circumstances should a promise be made that cannot be kept. Provided as part of the benefits of membership of Cape Town Tourism. For more information visit www. capetown. travel/industry, call +27 (0)21 487 6800 or email [email  protected] travel Honesty is a virtue: this saying is interpreted very differently in various countries. Because Arabs are so relationship orientated and take heed of harmonies and friendships, it is still considered being honest when unpleasant subjects are simply ignored and positives stressed.Arabs will always be able to ‘fish out’ the truth in a conversation. In contrast to Europeans, Arabs find it insulting to ignore people that walk into a conversation. Making them wait or even ignoring them must be avoided at all costs, even if one just politely acknowledges the guest and advises him that he will be attended to shortly. Interpersonal relationships have a much higher priority than does time-keeping. This is why Arab guests cannot understand it when no time is taken to have an in-depth discussion. Even unimportant subjects offer the opportunity to build trust and understanding.Therefore, when under time constraints, rather tactfully and reassuringly promise the guest a chat at a later stage. Arabs always expect first-class service/performance, and requests therefore often come acr oss as being demanding. Diplomacy and tolerance are therefore advisable. In addition, absolute punctuality and dependability are expected from the hotel. It is advisable to regularly question the guest on his/her satisfaction. Should there at any time be a problem, e. g. the behaviour of children, this must be addressed privately, with the group’s representative. Under no circumstances should the head of the party be confronted or called. . 1 Topics of Conversation A sure way to win the affection and loyalty of an Arab guest is the enquiry into the wellbeing of his family, especially that of the male members. Enquiries about the female members could be misconstrued and are to be avoided. It would be of great benefit to the hotel contact person to have background information on the family ties of guests. It is therefore vital to keep a guest file containing all the relevant up-to-date details. Topics to be avoided are religion and politics, although being knowledgeable about I slamic religion is a sign of respect. This should however not be shown off.The local customs and way of life are interesting topics and offer much to talk about. Most Arabs are pleased by declarations of friendship. In addition, substantiated acknowledgment of their technical advances, art and social security systems helps to reduce feelings of mistrust and is generally appreciated. They also value acknowledgements for the cultural achievements in their respective countries. Positive comments on the high standard of tourism in the Gulf States are also appreciated. Humour is a very difficult thing to transfer across cultural lines and should be used cautiously.Translations of amusing sayings often lose their amusement value and are not easily understood. Sarcasm and irony are to be avoided unless one knows the other person very well. 7. 2 Non-verbal Communication To begin with some Arab guests may come across as being reserved and sometimes even uninterested. Countering this with a s mile helps make the guest feel respected and welcome. Ignoring a guest is interpreted as an insult. As an Arab saying goes: â€Å"Kill me, but don’t give me a funny look! † Provided as part of the benefits of membership of Cape Town Tourism. For more information visit www. capetown. ravel/industry, call +27 (0)21 487 6800 or email [email  protected] travel Arab women will generally avoid any eye contact with male staff. Eye contact between women however is not an issue. A male staff member should therefore avoid eye contact with a female guest and should never try to force it. Should a woman ask a question, the male companion is addressed unless the woman actively seeks eye contact. Between men, however, direct and intense eye contact is highly regarded. Arabs generally have smaller personal comfort zones than Europeans. During conversations it is customary to feel the speaker’s breath.Europeans who keep their normal personal distance could therefore evoke the feeling that their presence is felt as repulsive. Pointing fingers at persons is also seen as very impolite. Should one be unsure about how to behave when dealing with Arab guests, the best advice is to rather be too reserved rather than forceful. 7. 3 Guest Complaints As with all guests, voicing of complaints depends very much on the personality of the person. Should complaints arise these are brought up by the family’s spokesperson (interpreter), rather than the head of the family or his wife.It is therefore important to establish a good relationship, based on trust, with the spokesperson. The spokesperson should also be given a few names of people in authority, who are able to make quick decisions that are followed through. This has the benefit that instead of discussing problems with other guests/families, the spokesperson can approach the hotel directly to sort matters out. This is also important as families stay for long periods and tend to develop contacts with other families. Through direct communication the escalation of a problem can therefore be avoided.Even though women are taking up more and more managerial roles, experience shows that Arab guests still prefer addressing complaints with male employees. Even if a guest becomes loud and angry, it is important to stay calm. A good tactic is to remove the guest from the public area and discuss the matter over a cup of tea. Complaints are always to be seen as a chance to improve service. 8. HOTEL 8. 1 Choice of Hotel Luxury is not the deciding factor when it comes to choosing a hotel. A certain standard is definitely expected, but the proximity to shopping centres or supermarkets and the hotel’s atmosphere are more important.Medical checks are often the reason for visits, so the proximity to clinics can be a deciding factor in such a case. Should the hotel not be ideally situated, a limousine service could be considered. Instead of city hotels, smaller, family hotels are becoming more an d more popular. As friendliness is a deciding factor, hotels with a family atmosphere are preferred. 8. 2 Greeting and Check-In The greeting is the first, all-important impression a guest gets. On arrival guests want to feel welcomed and respected. An Arab saying goes: â€Å"A look can kill quicker than a sword! To counter this, a smile or even an Arab greeting can make a big difference. Even though Provided as part of the benefits of membership of Cape Town Tourism. For more information visit www. capetown. travel/industry, call +27 (0)21 487 6800 or email [email  protected] travel direct communication might not be possible, the effort is seen as a friendly gesture, which in turn will leave a positive memory. Greetings are so important in Arab society that they have taken on an almost ritualistic character. Even when staff are under pressure, they should always stay calm and take their time with this greeting ceremony.Arab men should be respectfully approached, and then one shou ld await their response. Some greet by shaking hands, others do not. Most Arabs however find handshaking strange, and should it take place, only the right hand is to be offered, as the left is considered ‘unclean’. Arab men greet each other in a variety of ways, either with their noses, their shoulders or by hand. Well-known acquaintances of the same gender also exchange three kisses on the cheeks. It is customary to greet the highest-ranking person first. Ladies are usually not greeted by hand; a greeting is merely implied (hinted at).European women may offer their hand in greeting. When it comes to money, however, this should be dealt with by a male. Especially the older Arab generations find it difficult to deal with female staff. Reception should always have the times for sunrise and sunset handy, as these are important for prayer times. Times can be requested from the local mosques. Prayers are said five times a day, facing the direction of Mecca. It is therefore o f the utmost importance that the guest knows where Mecca lies. To assist with this, stickers can be put on the windowsills advising the direction of Mecca.Some hotels even offer compasses or instruct their staff accordingly. The addresses of embassies and Arabic-speaking doctors should also be at hand and are regularly asked for. These can be given with the welcome letter. Further information that is often requested is recommendations on Arabic, Persian or Lebanese restaurants, limousine rental companies or Arabic-speaking guides. For Arabs the weekend starts on Fridays, and Sundays are a normal working day. Although Arabs generally value a calm and relaxed atmosphere, the check-in should proceed speedily.This is especially important for the women and children who have been travelling for many hours. On arrival the guest will want to inspect and choose from several rooms to ensure that they meet his expectations and those of his family members. The category booked by the organiser s hould however not be changed. Special wishes are often only requested on check-in. Staff should therefore be flexible. Even after several visits to a hotel the special requests may vary from visit to visit, which is why requests from previous years should be clarified before implementation. Due to the long duration of stay, many hotels insist on weekly billing.Should this be the case, the guest must be advised of this on check-in. Financial matters must however be dealt with tactfully so as to avoid giving the impression of mistrust. When luggage is taken to the room the porter should always leave the door open and leave the room as quickly as possible. The ladies in the party will often wait outside the room until the porter has left. To wait for a tip is seen as rude. Arab guests tend to occupy rooms in big groups. To check the number of guests in a room it is helpful to consult with the housekeeper, as she is in charge of the daily cleaning of rooms.Guests also like to change roo ms amongst themselves and the spokesperson of the group should therefore be consulted to clarify the room occupancies. Nonetheless, Provided as part of the benefits of membership of Cape Town Tourism. For more information visit www. capetown. travel/industry, call +27 (0)21 487 6800 or email [email  protected] travel guests are usually quite cooperative should occupancy issues arise. Arabic guests often leave their room doors open or unlocked. It is therefore advised that guests should be informed in writing about the hotels liability policy in cases of theft from the rooms.The issuing of house rules in Arabic is seen as an insult, but should this be a standard, these rules should also be laid out in English and another common language if possible. A friendly welcome letter, which politely requests the adherence to certain rules, will usually be readily accepted. 8. 3 Hotel Interiors/Furnishings Children occupy a very important status in Arabic countries and if possible, designate d areas should be set aside for them. A playroom furnished with billiard tables, computer games etc. is a good idea.The venue should be in an area of the hotel where noise disturbance would be at a minimum and where children can play until late at night. Due to the fact that Arab children are only used to their local foods, it often happens that foods will be heated up in their hotel rooms. This can be prevented by including Arabic foods on the menu. Nannies travelling with children have a purely supervisory and chaperoning function, they are not entitled to reprimand or discipline. Should it be possible, the hotel could offer activity and entertainment programmes for the children to keep them in check.Reception should also advise the nannies of the quickest route to the nearest playground or park. Security is an important aspect for Arabic travellers as the man carries the responsibility for the entire family. The presence of security personnel and/or cameras in the passages is pos itively met. Airconditioning is an absolute must and is seen as a non-negotiable standard. Religion being an integral part of Arab life, guests pray five times a day. A designated prayer room would therefore be appreciated. This room can be very basic, e. g. an empty conference room or guest room in which prayer mats can be spread out.Prayer mats are usually brought along, but some hotels also offer these for loan. It is also seen as polite to remove any items connected to other religions. Arab women appreciate pool times designated for their exclusive use, with only female staff on duty, should this be required. The standard swimwear worn by ladies is leggings and t-shirts. European swimwear is seldom worn. 8. 4 Room Furnishings Although Arab guests are usually quite good at speaking English, signage in Arabic clarifies any uncertainties and helps to make the guest feel welcomed.The room service menu should definitely be translated and guest service directories in Arabic, as well a s a welcome letter in that language, will leave a lasting impression. Guest rooms should be as spacious as possible, as Arabs are used to having a lot of space. Big rooms, preferably suites, are expected. Should no connecting doors between rooms be available, rooms should at least be adjacent to one another. Big beds are also preferred (king and queen size), and baby cots are also often requested. Cooking facilities in rooms are also welcomed, as baby milk can be warmed and water boiled for tea.Many guests do not like ordering room service too often, and should cooking facilities not be available, at least a kettle could be offered as an alternative. Provided as part of the benefits of membership of Cape Town Tourism. For more information visit www. capetown. travel/industry, call +27 (0)21 487 6800 or email [email  protected] travel Arabic TV channels should be available; suggestions are Al-Jazeera and Nile, which are both available via satellite. Video recorders and DVD players are also an ideal service to make available. Arabic newspapers are a must, as the need for up-to-date information is high.A welcome letter in the room which not only greets the guest but also conveys detailed information on the hotel and its services is much appreciated. Small welcome gifts such as fruit, figs, nuts, biscuits, cakes and alcohol-free chocolates are popular. As the ‘Do not disturb’ sign is often left out during the day, good communication between room service and housekeeping is vital. Small gifts for children e. g. chocolate are very important. Arab guests greatly appreciate finding big bottles of still mineral water in their rooms on arrival. These are especially enjoyed by the children after a long trip.Only still water is drunk and internationally known brands are preferred to the local ones. It should be noted that Muslims are prohibited from drinking alcohol, but that not all Arabs are Muslims. In addition, this prohibition is treated in a more rela xed manner when in Europe. Alcohol need only be removed from rooms on request or after enquiry from the hotel or when children accompany adults. Minibars are usually cleared shortly after arrival anyway to accommodate water bottles. The stocking of the minibar can be discussed on arrival. As appliances are often brought along, adapters and cables should be available on request. . 5 Bathrooms Arab guests will request a large number of bath towels on a daily basis. This is due to the fact that the entire body must be cleansed prior to every prayer session. A towel is never used twice, which is why the usage is so high. In addition, it is regarded as unhygienic to only use toilet paper after visiting the toilet. Arabian custom dictates that one also uses water to clean oneself, which is done with the left hand. This is why their toilets are fitted with a water spray facility. Seeing that standard toilets are not fitted with this device, a towel is then used to clean the left hand.Natur ally the towel is immediately given in to be laundered. Some adults try to adjust to the ‘strange’ European habit, but this can not be expected from children. Due to the unpleasant smell of these towels Arabs are often labelled as being unhygienic, which couldn’t be further from the truth. Even though towels are immediately sent to be laundered, the provision of white towels is not necessarily doing them a favour. In addition, guests should also be able to make use of a laundry facility. As children often run around barefoot, towels are laid out in the bathrooms to avoid them becoming ill due to the unfamiliar temperatures. . 6 Daily Routine Because of the high daytime temperatures in the Arab region, Arabs tend to be more active during the evening hours. Their daily routine has adjusted accordingly. It is therefore suggested that cleaning routines for rooms are planned according to individual guests. It is also advisable to allocate more time for the cleaning of rooms than Provided as part of the benefits of membership of Cape Town Tourism. For more information visit www. capetown. travel/industry, call +27 (0)21 487 6800 or email [email  protected] travel usual.Complaints might be received because cleaning staff, for insurance reasons, are not permitted to move items lying around in order to clean the room. The reason for the ‘non-tidying’ should be explained in a friendly and tactful manner. To avoid unnecessary conflicts it is recommended that enough female cleaning staff are at hand to adhere to the strict gender segregation. It is however often difficult to get access to rooms due to the ‘Do not disturb’ sign being out. It is therefore advisable to inform the guests well in advance as to when cleaning is scheduled. 9.Eating Habits The provision of appropriate foods can be a potential area of conflict. Hotels often react negatively to the delivery of food from external sources, or the cooking of foods in the room. There are however several reasons for Arab guests not being able to go without their familiar foods: The length of their stays is often much greater than that of other guests, which is why familiar tastes are missed. In addition, children accompanying adults cannot be expected to adapt. Also, the quality of many exotic fruits is not comparable to that of their home country, which is why special products are often flown in.Not to be forgotten is the fact that the Muslim religion prescribes certain rules when it comes to food and drink, i. e. no pork or alcohol may be consumed, nor any other intoxicating substances. Meat must always be well done as the Koran prohibits the consumption of blood. Many Muslims also insist on meat having been slaughtered according to Islamic rites. Arabic eating habits also vary greatly from those of European cultures. Although European foods are readily tried, Arabic foods are definitely preferred. If possible, Arabic, Turkish or Libyan chefs shoul d therefore be brought in.Some hotels even allow the guests’ own chefs to use the hotel kitchen. The breakfast times stipulated in hotels often do not fit into the daily routine of Arabs, who usually take breakfast between 10h00 and noon. The foods on offer in hotels however are more than sufficient to cover the guests’ needs. Great value is placed on a variety of fruits and fruit juices. Beware: Children often go to breakfast unaccompanied by parents. It is therefore vital to make it clear which cold meats/foods contain pork, to avoid children eating these forbidden foods. Dinner is usually taken between 21h00 and 23h00 and is ordered from room service.Enough staff should therefore always be at hand. Choices should include Arabic dishes, menus should be translated and the various dishes should be numbered to avoid any miscommunication. Should the hotel wish to limit guests from going out for meals or ordering in, it would be advisable to adjust themselves to the Arabi c habits. Some hotels offer Arabic buffets in separate rooms or in a section of the restaurant. Others do not cater for the guests’ needs and have an agreement allowing the guests to order in, but charge a ‘corkage’ fee for this privilege.Should the guests make use of the restaurant, children should be especially well treated and served. Arabic guests go to eat not because the adults are hungry, but because the Provided as part of the benefits of membership of Cape Town Tourism. For more information visit www. capetown. travel/industry, call +27 (0)21 487 6800 or email [email  protected] travel children are hungry. Due to the fact that children are often ‘neglected’ in restaurants, parents prefer going to Arabic or Lebanese restaurants. 9. 1 Etiquette during meals Despite rumours, Arabic guests do not sit on the floor to eat.This is only done when the table is covered by brochures or is too small. There is little talking during meals, meaning that the noise disturbance is minimal. A small amount of the main meal is always left on the plate, after which dessert and coffee is quickly consumed. It is a sign of politeness to at least try every dish, even if one is not hungry. Eating only commences once the head of the table opens the meal with the words ‘Bismillah’ (in the name of Allah). Everyone helps themselves, and it is an unwritten law that one eats the most from the dish directly in front of one.The host will always ensure that these are the best dishes. After dinner, when coffee is served, only three small cups are consumed, as more would be considered impolite. One can however indicate beforehand when one has had enough, otherwise replenishment will be done without asking. The signal for this in the Middle East is to quickly wave the cup from left to right whilst holding it between your thumb and index finger. In Europe, Arab guests eat with knives and forks. If meals are eaten by hand, only the right hand i s used, as the left is considered as ‘unclean’.In the Middle East meals are served with nan or pita bread, which is broken into little pieces that are then formed into a shovel using three fingers, and the food picked is up with this. Dates are always a welcome offering, although the locally available ones are not of the same quality as the ones in the Middle East. This is why they are often flown in especially by guests. Favoured desserts are heavy and sweet, but usually quite costly as they contain ingredients such as hazelnuts, walnuts, almonds, pistachios and honey.Baklava, Swiss chocolate and glazed chestnuts are very well liked. It is considered very rude to remove plates that are not quite empty without asking. Arab guests do not necessarily know the rule of laying the knife and fork next to one another on the plate to signal that one has finished. Permission must therefore be asked for before clearing. 9. 2 Beverages In Arab countries beverages are ordered durin g or after meals, not before. They are also used to receiving their food soon after ordering.In the Arab region guests are greeted with a beverage upon arrival, without having ordered. This is an Arab ritual and serves to create a friendly atmosphere. Ordering drinks prior to receiving food is not customary and seen as a nuisance. Apart from mocha, there is no drink that is consumed in larger amounts than tea. Especially popular are black tea with a few sprigs of mint, but also cardamom, aniseed and jasmine are popular flavourants. Tea is an obligatory welcome drink for guests, and is drunk very sweet, and many hotels have started serving tea out of samovars in the lobby area.Some guests however may be irritated by the fact that the same person who serves them the tea also serves alcohol. Provided as part of the benefits of membership of Cape Town Tourism. For more information visit www. capetown. travel/industry, call +27 (0)21 487 6800 or email [email  protected] travel Coffee i s served in small mocha cups with a lot of sugar (hulwa), half a sugar cube (madbuta) or without sugar (murra). Because the method of preparation and taste of coffee prepared by hotels differs greatly, coffee is often brought along by guests.The water consumed is usually still water, and for cost reasons is often bought in large bottles at supermarkets. To counter this, water can be offered at special prices as part of room service. Because Muslims are prohibited from drinking alcohol, a large range of nonalcoholic drinks should be made available. Arab Christians however are permitted to consume alcohol. Apart from water, fruit juices and Coca-Cola are very popular, especially with children. 10. Summary of Important Tips Specifics ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Emphasise to staff the importance of offering suggestions Enquire about health and satisfaction on a regular basis Have information about mosques and prayer times at hand Inform other guests that Arab guests are sharing the same fl oor Explain to staff how to offer tactful service by making use of examples Print hotel rules in Arabic, English and German Welcome letters can contain tactful requests about adherence to certain house rules Inform guests about hotel liability policy in writing (when doors are left open) Specify a contact person who is responsible for the group during the stay Show flexibility when it comes to breakfast and restaurant opening times Respect special requests when cleaning rooms Have information on children’s activities and programmes at hand Show the nanny the way to the nearest park Verbal Communication ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Discuss the subject of communication between Arab guests and staff Never leave a guest waiting when they want to communicate Do not be irritated by the emotional expressions of guests Do not deny requests, rather offer alternatives and show that you are concerned and wanting to assist Communicate criticism tactfully Always plan enough time to ensure a trusting rel ationship is built up with guests Show personal interest Be careful when using humour; irony and sarcasm are no-no’s Non-verbal Communication ? ? ? ? Stern expressions are interpreted as arrogant – always smile No direct eye contact between female guests and male staff Eye contact is important between men Accept minimal personal space when communicating Complaint Behavior ? Be sensitive and tactful during emotionally charged complaints ? Should guests retire/leave quietly, assume that there is a problem ?Involve the middle man/interpreter when guest or hotel complaints come up Provided as part of the benefits of membership of Cape Town Tourism. For more information visit www. capetown. travel/industry, call +27 (0)21 487 6800 or email [email  protected] travel ? Be proactive to avoid a spate of complaints ? Serious issues must be handled by male staff Reservations ? ? ? ? Clarify hierarchical order in advance Clarify exact number of guests including babies and nannie s Internally, ensure that all names are spelt in one way Clarify on arrival who will be taking care of payments Greeting / Welcome ? Allocate sufficient time for the greeting/arrival ? Use Arab forms of greeting ? Discuss the importance of first impressions with staff.Despite reservations, guests will change hotels if they are not happy ? Male staff should not shake hands with female guests ? Handshakes that are too firm are to be avoided ? Never offer the left hand, as it is considered ‘unclean’ ? Ensure that the check-in runs smoothly and speedily ? Financial issues must be dealt with tactfully ? Plan in more time and staff to deal with special requests ? Have city information at hand in Arabic Hotel Interior ? ? ? ? ? Hotels with self-catering facilities are preferred Ensure that guests feel safe Offer play rooms/entertainment areas for children A/C is a must Be prepared that the lobby will at times resemble a bazaar Room Interiors ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Rooms should be b ig with interconnecting doors Check number of guests per room regularly Advise in a sensitive manner the rules for number of persons allowed per room Offer big beds Provide Arab TV channels Prepare friendly welcome letter Offer still mineral water in large bottles Discuss minibar contents in advance Indicate direction of Mecca (remove any other religious symbols/books) Be prepared for increased towel usage Services on Offer ? Discuss cleaning schedules with individual rooms ? Have enough cleaning staff at hand, preferably female ? Offer newspapers in home languages Provided as part of the benefits of membership of Cape Town Tourism. For more information visit www. capetown. travel/industry, call +27 (0)21 487 6800 or email [email  protected] travel Food and Beverages ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Offer room service Translate menu into Arabic and number the dishes Be prepared for increase in room service between 21h00 and 23h00 Have an Arabic chef prepare Arabic meals Alternatively, allow the g uests’ personal chef to use kitchen Order in Arab catering Adjust restaurant opening times to suit guests Serve children first and quickly Pork and alcohol are prohibited for Muslims Breakfast ? Offer normal international breakfast buffet ? Offer wide selection of fruit and fruit juices ? Indicate which cold meats contain pork Etiquette during Meal Times ? Always ask whether plates may be removed before doing so ? Place big tables in guest rooms to avoid guests having to eat sitting on the floor ? Only eat with the right hand, as the left is considered ‘unclean’ Drinks ? ? ? Offer black tea with sprigs of fresh mint leaves Tea is generally drunk very sweet Offer a good selection of non-alcoholic beverages Be aware that coffee is often brought by the guests themselves Arabic Phrases Good day Good morning Good evening Good night Welcome Thank you Please See you again One moment please Excuse me please I wish you a pleasant stay Salam aleikhum (pronounced: sala male icum) Sabah elkheir (pronounced: sabba elsher) Masah elkheir (pronounced: masse elsher) Tisbah ala kheir (pronounced: tisba ala kair) Marhaba Shokran (pronounced: shukran) Afoin (pronounced: affoan) Maa salama Min fadlak Lau samahat Ekama saida Provided as part of the benefits of membership of Cape Town Tourism. For more information visit www. capetown. ravel/industry, call +27 (0)21 487 6800 or email [email  protected] travel Titles The confusing name sequences are constructed with between three and six elements: ? Social status ? First name and family ties ? Father and sometimes grandfathers’ names ? Social and geographic origin ? Sometimes honour titles and occupational titles The social rank is always mentioned at the beginning of the name; this is especially clear for heads of state, e. g. Emir (Arab. Amir), Sultan, Malik (king) or Rais (president). In the UAE the rulers do not call each other Emir, but rather Sheikh. This is followed by the first name, which is follow ed by the description of family ties/connections.For boys ‘Ibn’ (son of), for girls ‘Bint’ (daughter of), for fathers ‘Abu’ (Father of). An especially honorable title is ‘Umm’ (mother of), followed by the eldest son’s name. These are followed by the social or geographic origins. Muslims who have fulfilled their trips to the holy sites of Mecca and Medina carry the honorary title of Hajj, although this is seldom used in the Emirates or Gulf of Oman. The job title is often also part of the title, e. g. ‘Imam’ (priest), ‘Qadi’ (judge) or ‘Hakim’ (doctor). The surname always stands last. Provided as part of the benefits of membership of Cape Town Tourism. For more information visit www. capetown. travel/industry, call +27 (0)21 487 6800 or email [email  protected] travel

The Link Between Psychological Stressors and Overall...

Existence of distinct links between psychological stressors and a persons’ overall health have been proven through various objective studies. The degree of the stress response can also be directly linked to the severity of its effects. Specific research indicates that stress is related to increased risk of improper immune system functioning, liver disease, and coronary artery disease. When exposed to environmental threats, the body’s immune system carries out dynamic processes through the secretion of various chemicals and production of various kinds of cells, to maintain homeostasis. Whether the stressor is acute or chronic, research now indicates that psychological stress has a strong connection to immune system functioning,†¦show more content†¦In addition to being susceptible to certain diseases, other researchers have discovered that â€Å"†¦extended stress duration and possibly diminished restorative processes have effects that mimic, exacerbate , and sometimes accelerate the effects of aging on immunity† (Hawkley, Cacioppo, 2003). Researchers Hawkley and Cacioppo studied this effect through the use of behaviorally â€Å"slow† and â€Å"fast† laboratory mice. After exposing the two different types of mice to stressful situations, they discovered that the â€Å"slow† mice exhibited higher amounts of anxiety and â€Å"†¦faster age-related immune declines than did the â€Å"fast† mice† (Hawkley, Cacioppo, 2003). Therefore, this particular study confirms the correlation between diminished immune system functioning as a result of age and stress. It also supports the idea that stress can exacerbate the declined function of the immune system. In addition to the autonomic and neuroendocrine pathways connecting psychological stress and the immune system, similar pathways exist in organs of the body such as the liver. Pathways that connect pathophysiological interactions of stress with the liver can be divided into two major subdivisions: HPA axis and autonomic nervous system. According to Chida and his research team, â€Å"†¦autonomic nervous connection between the brain and the liver reportedly compromises the efferent sympathetic/adrenomedullary system andShow MoreRelatedStress And Its Effect On The Body, Mind, And Spirit853 Words   |  4 Pagesmodifications in lifestyle and behavior as well as different health approaches that reduce stress. Research Stress negatively affects the overall health and wellness of an individual. Stress has been correlated with worsening psychological and physical health (Segerstrom O’Connor, 2012). Many employees struggle with behavioral health issues and wellness coaching is becoming an increasingly prevalent strategy to help employees improve their health and wellbeing (Clark et al., 2014). â€Å"Wellness coachingRead MoreDiscrimination : Social And Economic Consequences On Ethnic Minorities1065 Words   |  5 Pagesethnic minorities. Not only does discrimination have economic consequences but they have health consequences. Minorities face health disparities, in that their health overall is worse than the health of a white American. Racial minorities have a higher prevalence of diabetes, stroke, and other largely preventable disease. While many factors are involved in these health disparities, such as income and health care access, they are not exclusive to minorities. A factor exclusiv e to marginalized groupsRead MoreAn Attachment For Successful Emotional And Social Development Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pages Attachment is a strong emotional connection between two people, often a bond between a child and caregiver. Since Bowlby’s (1969) theory, describing the importance of developing an attachment for successful emotional and social development, other researchers have theorised that not forming attachments affects individuals, including their possible development of mental health issues. Researchers have replicated Ainworths and Wittig’s (1969) Strange Situation experiment, using the results forRead MoreMultiple Stressors On Children s Blood Pressure Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pagesthere is more than one stressor that causes implications on one’s life, it is classified as multiple stressors. Multiple stressors in childhood were found by Evans and English (2002) to yield a large effect on children in low-income households. It was discovered that children who are from low-income families usually face more than one life stressor at a time compared to children residing in middle-income households. In addition, when testing for children’s personal psychological well-being of themselvesRead MoreA Research Study On Relational Health1293 Words   |  6 PagesSection 1 Every family faces stressors in normal everyday life. In addition to regular family stress, military families also face stress attributed to military life. Military families experience things like deployments, relocations, PTSD, depression, other mental health issues and constant shifting of family responsibilities due to parental absences. Due to the transitional nature of military family life, it is crucial that relationships within the family stay strong to generate good collective familialRead More The Effects of Occupational Stress on Physical Health and its Consequences2501 Words   |  11 PagesStress can have both psychological and physical effects on the members of the workforce. And while the specific effect may differ from one individual to the next, and in particular the effect on physical health will certainly differ from one job to another, a construction worker will most certainly experience different health issues than a secretary, for instance, physical health. Re search conducted in the field of occupational health psychology has found evidence linking health and mortality in individualsRead MorePsychological Aspects Of Sexually Abused Women And The Trauma Recovery And Empowerment1593 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The topic of this article will focus on psychological aspects of sexually abused women and the trauma recovery and empowerment. Sexual abuse can be well defined as sexual assaults and sexual exploitation of the individual, which include the following: Rape, Incest, Molestation and Voyeurism. An assortment of 15 empirical studies will compare and contrast their findings of psychological sexual abuse and trauma recovery. Individuals that are victims of sexual abuse can undergo many issuesRead MoreThe Effects Of Psoriasis On Health Related Quality Of Life703 Words   |  3 PagesThe Effect of Psoriasis on Health-Related Quality of Life Introduction Psoriasis is a disease that greatly affects a small amount of the population. It is estimated that about 3-5% percent of the population is diagnosed with psoriasis (Yu, 2016; Pg. 1). Psoriasis is defined as a chronic inflammatory skin disease (Lahousen et al, 2016; Pg. 78). The disease creates, in most cases, rough dry patches or lesions on the skin surface. Multiple sights on the body can be affected ranging from the scalpRead MoreThe Effects Of Poverty On Childhood Development924 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay aims to discuss the relationship between poverty, lower socioeconomic status (SES), and childhood development. While poverty can be directly linked to negative developments in terms of health status it is also indirectly linked to other important factors such as; mental health, physiological wellbeing and education, all of which have major impacts on childhood development which can also be transferred into adulthood. This essay aims to evaluate the literature available o n the effectsRead MoreInfant Mortality : An Important Indicator Of A Nation s Health1159 Words   |  5 PagesInfant mortality has long been considered to be an important indicator of a nation’s health, and while it has fallen dramatically over the past five decades, there are still striking differences along socioeconomic, geographic, and racial lines. â€Å"In 2009, the infant mortality rate was 12.4 infant deaths per 1,000 live births among blacks, compared to 5.3 among whites.† Equally large and persistent differences by race are found for other birth outcomes – including stillbirths, preterm births, and

An Analytical Comparison of I Hear America Singing and...

An Analytical Comparison of â€Å"I Hear America Singing† and â€Å"I, Too† Born ten years after the death of Walt Whitman, there was no possible way for Langston Hughes to ever meet or communication with Whitman, but that did not mean Hughes could not establish a connection to him, or at least his work. In 1925, Hughes wrote a poem titled â€Å"I, Too† was inspired by and directed in response to the poem â€Å"I Hear America Singing†, which was composed by Whitman much earlier. Whitman’s poem consisted of a variety of different American laborers who â€Å"sing† as they do their jobs. This well-known poem never specifically addresses the ethnicity of these singing laborers of the American population, but Hughes sets about to rectify that omission. Walt†¦show more content†¦The division between whites and blacks was clearly prevalent and the United States of America was a racially discriminatory society reinforced by its racist laws. Hughes took the initiative to speak his mind via poetry, resulting in his piece â€Å"I, Too†. In this poem, Hughes clearly signifies one thing: Just because his skin color is different from whites, does not mean that they get to sing the National Anthem louder. Arguing that all American citizens are the same, disregarding their skin color, Hughes applies in this poem a master-slave relationship. The assumed white master shows disrespect to his servant by sending him away whenever visitors come over, because he is ordered to eat secluded from the company. However he seems to not be faze by this and actually finds it funny, supported by â€Å"But I laugh† (5). Furthermore, not only does he find amusement in this unpleasant situation, but the isolation has a positive effect on him â€Å"And grow strong† (7), implying that even though he submits to his master, his spirit will not be diminished. In every line of â€Å"I Hear America Singing†, the word â€Å"singing† appears to help emphasize and describe the melody of the working American citizens, yet there is no song in particular. Perhaps they are singing the National Anthem? America’s people doing American jobs all united by an unidentified melody that shrouds them all. It would seem a bit peculiar forShow MoreRelatedI Hear America Singing By Hongston Hughes Analysis1002 Words   |  5 PagesWhitmans writings. He also impacted many Americans in his time. Therefore, the two, though different, both were crucial in American poetry. When Whitman Wrote I Hear America Singing, many loved it, when Hughes reads it, he also found a passion for this poem. In many ways Hughes built on Whitmans poem, when he wrote I, Too, Sing America. In three main ways did Hughes build on Whitmans poem; structure, theme, and word choice. Structures literal meaning is the arrangement of and relationship betweenRead MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 Pagesduring a period of enforced leisure. They, too, are based on already existing occasional pieces. Although they have now been partly revised, no systematic attempt has been made. to remove the traces of the particular circumstances in which they were written. In some cases a radical recasting of an essay would have meant destroying what I regard as its inner core of truth. Thus in the essay on The Changing Function of Historical Materialism we can still hear the echoes of those exaggeratedly sanguineRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesinterior monologue, and stream of consciousness writers seeking to create a unique style Effect: ï‚ · common readers are alienated by this literature Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · overwhelming technological changes of the 20th Century World War I was the first war of mass destruction due to technological advances rise of the youth culture Harlem Renaissance period of American Literature - 1920s The Harlem Renaissance period runs parallel to Modernism Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · celebrated characteristicsRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesappear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopyingRead Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 PagesGenuine humor is replete with wisdom.† Mark Twain, quoted in Opie Percival Read, Mark Twain and I (1940), 17. â€Å"Humor offers both a form of wisdom and a means of survival in a threatening world. It demands that we reckon with the realities of human nature and the world without falling into grimness and despair.† Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France—1885 to World War I, rev. ed. (1968), 248. â€Å"Humor is, in fact, a prelude to faith; and laughter is the beginningRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesTiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesarguments. David M. Adams, California State Polytechnic University These examples work quite well. Their diversity, literacy, ethnic sensitivity, and relevancy should attract readers. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued conclusionsRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesChicago 60637  © 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. English translation. Originally published 1974 Note on Translation  © 1991 by the University of Chicago University of Chicago Press edition 1991 Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 6 7 8 9 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Metz, Christian. [Essais sur la signification au cinà ©ma. English] Film language: a semiotics of the cinema / Christian Metz: translated by Michael Taylor. p. cm. TranslationRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesCataloging-in-Publication Data Edmonds, Ennis Barrington. Rastafari : from outcasts to culture bearers / Ennis Barrington Edmonds. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-513376-5 1. Rastafari movement. 2. Jamaica—Religious life and customs. I. Title. BL2532.R37 E36 2002 299†².676—dc21 2002074897 v To Donnaree, my wife, and Donnisa, my daughter, the two persons around whom my life revolves; and to the ancestors whose struggles have enabled us to survive and thrive This pageRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesthat follows indicates the main focus of each of the chosen case studies – together with important subsidiary foci (where appropriate). In general, the sequence of cases is intended to mirror the chapter sequence. However, this should not be taken too literally because, of course, many of these cases cover a variety of issues. The ‘classiï ¬ cation’ provided is therefore guidance only. We expect readers to seek their own lessons from cases, and tutors to use cases in whichever way and sequence best

Essay about Bullying and Harassment - 1373 Words

Managing bullying and harassment in the workplace When most of us hear the term ‘bullying’ we seem to reflect back on childhood memories of the schoolyard bully tormenting others for self-amusement, much to the distain of others around them. Unfortunately this seems not to be the only time such behaviour occurs. Workplace bullying and harassment can be defined as ‘Offending, socially excluding someone or negatively affecting someone’s work tasks. It can occur repeatedly and regularly over a period of time where the confronted ends up in an inferior position and becomes the target of systematic negative social acts’ (Einarsen et al, 2007). This essay will explain the significance of bullying and harassment in the workplace by exploring,†¦show more content†¦Workplace bullies have been described as ‘conquerors only interested in power and control, who enjoy belittling sub-ordinates’ (Dawn et al, 2007). Statistics from an Australian cross- national survey revealed that 70 percent o f bullying behaviour was inflicted by a supervisor or manager toward sub-ordinates (Query Hanley, 2010). Some of the affects bullying and harassment has on workers is low self esteem, anxiety depression, psychosomatic problems (hostility, hyper sensibility, loss of memory and feelings of victimisation), aggression, fear and mistrust, cognitive effects (inability to concentrate or think clearly, reduced problem solving capacity), isolation, loneliness, deterioration of friendships, chronic fatigue and sleep problems (Poilpot-Rocaboy,2006). From an organisational perspective, it is estimated that organisations in Australia lose between $6 billion and $13 billion per annum due to bullying related abuse (Query Hanley, 2010) and that more than 2 million managers and professionals voluntarily leave their jobs every year due solely to workplace unfairness, including bullying (Query Hanley, 2010). These figures do not include the millions of workers who suffer fromShow MoreRelatedBullyin g and Harassment in Australia689 Words   |  3 PagesOrganisations within Australia have a legal obligation to prevent bullying and harassment. The Fair Work Commission, Australia’s national workplace relations tribunal, states that â€Å"bullying at work† occurs when â€Å"a person or a group of people repeatedly behaves unreasonably towards a worker or a group of workers at work and the behaviour creates a risk to health and safety.†(Fair Work Commission 2014).The legislation in Australia, implemented from the 1st of January 2014, dictates that a worker inRead MoreBullying, Harassment, And Humiliation Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pages Bullying, Harassment, and humiliation might not be the first words that pop into your head when you think of fun or entertainment. Surprisingly enough, the actions of our society speak differently. Using humiliation as a way of entertainment can be seen in countless ways in our society including social media and television. Ever yone is on some type of social media whether is be Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, or Snapchat. Our investment in media makes harassment easy because mass amounts of peopleRead MoreHarassment And Bullying On Social Media1568 Words   |  7 PagesHarassment and Bullying on Social Media What is the history of this topic? Since the beginning of time people have always had an instinct for the desire to survive. Through this instinct of survival comes competition, where people feel the need to surpass others to get what they want, which has not changed as humans have evolved (Donegan, 2012, p.34). The aspect of competition occurs in many aspects of our life including in our education, social and economic systems. In the U.S., capitalistic societyRead MoreBullying : A Victim Of Sexual Harassment872 Words   |  4 PagesLonger Afraid Throughout the last 30 years, bullying cases of various types (physical and verbal) and situations (cyber and social) are growing rampant; and as a result, we’re now accustomed to hearing daily of the turmoil. A young victim, abused and embarrassed, suffers another attack and a bully walks away with a few days of suspension doled out by a useless disciplinary policy, useless to inhibit it from reoccurring. Whether it’s sexual harassment, self-defense, or defense of another, a bulliedRead MoreWorkplace Bullying And Workplace Harassment Essay4824 Words   |  20 Pagesto be better than his/her peers or subordinates, the instances of workplace aggression leading to workplace bullying and workplace harassment are very common. Work organizations are like any other social setting where scarce resources, competition, time constraints to complete goals, personality of individuals often leads to workplace bullying and workplace harassment. Bullying and harassment are situati ons where a worker or supervisor is systematically mistreated and victimized by fellow workers orRead MoreEthics, Sexual Harassment, And Bullying907 Words   |  4 PagesI felt very connected to this week’s discussions, not because I’ve personally been involved in discrimination, sexual harassment, or bullying but because I spent a lot of time managing through these issues when I worked as an Operations Manager for Borders, Inc. At any given time I had ~250 employees and managers in a distribution center reporting to me on three shifts, six days a week. It was rare that I didn’t have some pending issue that required a Human Resources perspective and these issuesRead MoreBullying : A Victim Of Harassment And Humiliation1922 Words   |  8 PagesEvery day, someone somewhere is a victim of harassment and humiliation. Bullying has become such a growing epidemic in today’s society that it has become a pervasive health concern. There are more and more stude nts being victimized and strained by other peers each day. Almost one in every four students reports being bullied throughout their school year. (National center for Education, 2015) Although bullying doesn’t just occur at school, bullying can also arise at home or work. Bullied characterizesRead MoreA Brief Note On Cyber Bullying And Or Harassment1728 Words   |  7 Pages Pg. 2. Introduction: Case There are many ways that cybercrimes are conducted. One particular offense is the case of cyber bullying and or harassment personal pictures hacked from a specific personal computer. Crimes against a computer include attacks on networks that cause them to crash, such as the attacks by the Morris worm, and unauthorized access to, or tampering with, informationRead MoreSexual Harassment : How Does It Differ From Bullying?891 Words   |  4 Pages1. What is sexual harassment? How does it differ from bullying? Sexual harassment is an unwanted attention that is sexual in nature. It can be a one-time occurrence or a result of repeated behaviour. In addition, harassment is viewed from the victim’s perspective and what the perceiver or affected individual would feel in the exact same situation. Workplace bullying on the other hand can be defined as an act or verbal behavior that is persistent and continuous, with intent to mentally hurt or isolateRead MoreTarget Group for Bullying and Harassment Prevention Training Program828 Words   |  3 PagesEthnic background 5. Consider the psychographics of your target group: Personal characteristics of a person including: Personality, Attitudes, Values, Interests/hobbies, Lifestyles, Behavior Introduction: To ensure the success of the Bullying and Harassment prevention training program there must be organzational context to provide a clear understanding of the scope of the program. It must prove the effectiveness. One explains and utilizes the resources available, like the internet and student

US Military Scandal Free Essays

Weber Miscarried University In today’s world a topic that is becoming more popular by numerous infamous scandals is that of business ethics. With companies and businesses alike now realizing that their consumers care about how the operations work in the company can affect their sales they are becoming more aware of how to run operations ethically. Although it is every groups goal to run plans ethically there are still many instances in which they fall short of this bar, whether it be because of greedy influences or being unaware of the laws it is a dilemma that must be approached wisely and handle with care. We will write a custom essay sample on US Military Scandal or any similar topic only for you Order Now While most scandals involve a corporation or business while scanning the Internet I came across one that really caught my attention, a scandal within the US Military about cheating on tests, drug use, and the mishandling of missiles. First news broke about this scandal in early January when the Air Force reported its open investigation of unknown exam cheating and scandals involving multiple officers in charge of our country nuclear forces. This recent scandal is one that was roughs to attention after the Air Force was investigating a non-related drug scandal at 6 other bases. This should come as a great concern to all people living in the US, for these are the generals and officers who are responsible for controlling the 450 nuclear missiles and fate of our country. When further looked into it was found that 34 officers, all high class lieutenants or captains, were somehow involved in this scandal, some who were either caught cheating on the monthly proficiency tests or those that were aware of what was going on and did not report the actions. Along tit these accusations it was made clear by Air Force officials that two of the suspected officers also had relations regarding illegal drug use with an officer from an air base in Wyoming. Being one of the most structured and toughest parts of the defense forces to get into the Air Force is not taking this situation lightly as nuclear launch officers have no room for error handling such dangerous and destructive weapons. ‘The root of all this madness is still unknown but there has been one major discharge of a commander from the Base at Minot because it was seen that there as a â€Å"loss of confidence† in his leadership skills as well as the firing of a commander in charge of training missile crews after a large number of launch officers did poorly on tests. This is not the first scandal that the Air Force has faced after an incident in 2008 where the past secretary of defense Robert M. Gates fired a top general and civilian leader after a crew made a cross-country Journey unaware that 6 missiles on board were armed with nuclear warheads. The major dilemma in all this is these people are supposed to be the ones we as citizens look up to and protect our country et when we read news like this it really hinders our idea of what safety really is. With such difficult guidelines, laws, and requirements it is amazing that such a scandal would be present in an area as important as the protection and well being of the United States as a country, but also goes to show that scandals and dilemmas are present in every aspect of this world no matter what the subject at hand. US Defense Secretary Chuck Haggle has not taken lightly to this situation as he explained that he is â€Å"deeply troubled† by the slue of military scandals in recent months (Talisman, 2014). In January when becoming fully aware of all the problems inside the Air Force and military as a whole Haggle forced a review of operations which also included the Navy. In shear numbers 30 senior instructors have been accused of sharing answer sheets to nuclear qualification tests and 1,200 Navy soldiers, 200 of which were officers, took part in a long-term scheme involving fraudulent recruiting in order to collect roughly $100 million in promised recruiting payments (Talisman, 2014). Hazel’s biggest worry is that none of this is by accident and is all a result of unethical behavior by people in uniform†. He along with many others believe that this is an issue that should be put on the top of the list and needs close attention and although it only involves a small number of those in service it is a matter of integrity that he wishes the forces can maintain regardless of those few who disobeyed the law. I felt that this issue was handled greatly and will continue to be throughout the rest of the investigation. Haggle understands the importance of the well being of the country and is not going to let this be something that could be the season for our downfall. Although investigations may take more than a year to complete I trust the decision of the Secretary of Defense as he made if the first problem to be addressed when regarding the military. If this were the situation for a company or business I think that they would have handled it the exact same way, firstly be removing those that were involved or believed to be involved in the problem. Second course of action would be getting down to the bottom of the problem and finding the source, which were ultimately the loosely supervised exams restored by senior leaders and lieutenants. After finding who was to blame for these faults it became evident that those people were to be interviewed immensely for why they took the course of actions they did. A document regarding this even went as far as saying that the â€Å"group testing† was viewed as â€Å"taking care of each other† and easing the pressure as the officers felt they needed a perfect score on the exams (Burns, 2014). So in the end I think this is being handled effectively and that it should have been done in no other manner. Although it is evident that this can instill a lot of fear in the eyes of those who live in this great country the military wanted to make it apparent that there was no evidence that the recent problems lead to mishandling of nuclear weapons or Jeopardized any citizens safety. Following this event it will be interesting to see how it progresses as the investigation continues with the interviewing of many officers and those involved in the scandal. Being that the scandal involves nuclear weapons I am curious to see if there will be any new laws or regulations that will be put in place during such vents such as exams and testing. How to cite US Military Scandal, Papers

NEA vetoes unleash protests, walkouts Essay Example For Students

NEA vetoes unleash protests, walkouts Essay Escalating controversy leaves the Endowment in disarray Within just two weeks of assuming her position, the new acting chairman of the National Edowment for the Arts sparked a new round of controversy for the agency, creating a volatile atmosphere just as its annual congressional appropriations process was getting underway. Anne-Imelda Radice, who took over the NEAs leadership on May 1 following John Frohnmayers forced resignation, wasted no time in letting it be known that she meant for the beleaguered NEA to regain the confidence of the American people and their representatives in Congress, and that, in doing so, she viewed her role and the agencys funding policy quite differently than did her predecessors. After telling a congressional subcommittee that she would use her authority to veto grants for work that she feels has difficult subject matter or flies in the face of deeply held religious beliefs, she illustrated her words by turning down two Museum Program grants. At press time, her veto of the grantswhose funding had been strongly recommended by both the National Council on the Arts and an Endowment review panelhad set off a chain reaction that prompted two other review panels, including the Theater Programs solo theatre artists fellowship panel, to suspend deliberations in unprecedented acts of protest, unleashing a barrage of press coverage and public response. Beyond excellence Radicethe former chief arts adviser at the U.S. Information Agencys Bureau of Education and Cultural Affairs prior to her appointment as the NEAs chief deputy a year agopresided over her first National Council on the Arts meeting in early May. The council approved panel recomendations for more than 1,100 grants at the quarterly meeting, including $10,000 recommended by the Museum Programs special exhibitions panel to the List Visual Arts Center of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The grant was to support Corporal Politics, an exhibition examining sexism and other social problems through metaphorical depictions of human body parts, including genitalia. Following pointed deliberation over the potentially controversial application, the council voted 11-to-1 to support it. The following week, Radice testified before the House Interior Appropriations Subcommittee, chaired by Rep. Sidney Yates (D-III.). When asked by Rep. Yates whether artistic excellence should remain the primary criterion for awarding NEA grants, Radice replied, Excellence is more than technical ability or trendiness or expression of social concerns. There are the concerns of the taxpayer, the concerns of Congress, as well. If we find a proposal that does not have the widest audienceeven though it may havee been done very sincerely and with the highest intentions, we just cant afford to fund that, she said at another point in her testimony. Radice avowed her willingness to overrule panel recommendations and veto grants for sexually explicit or other controversial works, suggesting that they could be funded by the private sector rather than with taxpayer dollars. She indicated that she considers neither the controversial homoerotic photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe nor the graphic poem Wild Thing, written in the fictitious voice on one of the teenagers involved in the Central Park jogger rape, suitable for federal funding. The Endowment grants for a Mapplethorpe retrospective and a literary journal that published the poem were among the more controversial grants made since the beginning of the federal funding debate three years ago. Overruling both panel and council recommendations just a week after the hearings, Radice exercised her veto power on the recommended grant to the List Visual Arts Center, as well as one to the Anderson Gallery at Virginia Commonwealth University, also for $10,000, for a proposed photography and video exhibition entitled Anonymity and Identity that was to include a work that incorporates more than 100 tiny photographs, one of which is of a penis. Dialogue in Bethlehem EssayThe controversy gained another dimension when the popular rock group Aerosmith staged a press conference at the List Center in Cambridge, denouncing the Radice vetoes and donating $10,000 to support the Corporal Politics exhibit. Were angered to see and personal freedom erode, Aerosmith said in a prepared statement. Jon Robin Baitz, recipient of a 1992 NEA playwriting fellowship of $15,000, followed suit a week later, announcing two donations to the List Center and the Anderson Gallery equalling the amount of his own grant. In a letter announcing the gifts, Baitz declared, I simply will not be complicit with faux-moralist sharpies of the right nor with psychosexual hysterics in the cultural sacking of this country. As the acts of solidarity and protest escalated, NEA review panelist Murray N. DePillars, dean of Virginia Commonwealth Universitys arts school, resigned from the panel, and Beacon Press of Boston and the Artist Trust of Seattle decided to refuse funding from the agency. Our integrity is worth more than $39.000, stated Beacon Press director Wendy Strothman. In addition, NEA general counsel Amy Sabrin resigned in a move believed to be the result of disagreement with Radices congressional testimony. Ironically, National Council member Donald Hall, the New Hampshire poet who was prevented by illness from attending the May meeting at which the two controversial Museum Program grants were considered, had sent a letter to his fellow council members prior to the meeting, strissing the importance of the councils acceptance of review panel recommendations. I think it is useless to overturn the judgment of panels in the attempt to be expedient, in the hope that we may appease bigots and art-bashers, he wrote. When we pay tribute to a bully, a bully demands more. Because attacks on the NEA are disingenous and hypocritical, answering the letter of an attack accomplishes nothing.